Utagawa Yoshitsuya

Utagawa Yoshitsuya (歌川芳艶, 22 February 1822 - 2 August 1866), best known by the art name Ichieisai Yoshitsuya (一英斎芳艶) and occasionally signing as Kōko Yoshitsuya, was a designer of late-Edo ukiyo-e woodblock prints who specialized in warrior subjects (musha-e) and historical narrative compositions. He was a principal pupil of Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1797-1861), the most celebrated warrior-print designer of the nineteenth century, and his career represents one of the most direct extensions of Kuniyoshi's idiom into the late Edo and Bakumatsu periods.

Yoshitsuya was born in Edo in 1822 and entered Kuniyoshi's studio while his master was at the peak of his powers as a musha-e designer, producing the great Suikoden warrior series and the heroic triptych compositions that defined the Utagawa school's mid-century engagement with martial legend. Kuniyoshi's was one of the largest workshops in late-Edo Japan, and Yoshitsuya joined a cohort of pupils that eventually included Yoshitoshi, Yoshiiku, Yoshitora, and Yoshikazu, all of whom signed with the master's distinctive 芳 ("yoshi") character as the first element of their art names. Within this group Yoshitsuya occupied a clearly defined niche as a specialist in warrior and historical-narrative subjects rather than in the actor, beauty, or comic genres other pupils took up.

The musha-e (warrior print) tradition Yoshitsuya inherited drew its subject matter from the great martial epics of medieval Japan and pre-modern China: the Heike monogatari, the Soga monogatari, the legends of Minamoto no Yorimitsu (Raikō) and the Four Heavenly Kings, the Taiheiki, the Suikoden cycle of Chinese outlaw heroes, and the history of the Sengoku-period warlords. Mid-nineteenth century musha-e were closely intertwined with the contemporary kabuki stage, which drew heavily on the same epic narratives, and prints frequently functioned as visual amplifications of celebrated theatrical productions. They were typically issued as ōban triptychs - three full-sized sheets joined to form a single panoramic scene - or as single-sheet portraits in ōban or chūban format. The Tokugawa shogunate's Tenpō Reforms of 1842 had restricted explicit actor portraiture for a period, and warrior prints in this period absorbed some of the energy that would otherwise have gone into yakusha-e, becoming a preferred vehicle for dramatic, colorful, and politically permissible imagery.

Yoshitsuya was active as an independent designer from approximately the early 1840s through his death in 1866. His most ambitious works are dramatic ōban triptychs depicting moments of legendary combat or supernatural encounter, such as a triptych depicting Minamoto no Yorimitsu's exploits at Mount Ashigara - where the young hero traditionally encountered the wild boy Kintarō - now held by the Art Institute of Chicago. He also designed the unusual 1861 series Bankoku jinbutsu zue ("People of Barbarian Nations"), a set of single-sheet portraits of representative foreigners issued just after the opening of Japanese ports to Western trade. The Library of Congress holds the King of Italy and the American sheets, and the King of Italy is also at the Art Institute of Chicago. These "Yokohama-e" prints document the curiosity and anxiety with which the Japanese public received the sudden expansion of foreign contact after the Perry expedition of 1853-1854, and they sit at the intersection of musha-e (which constructed exotic warrior identities) and topical journalism. Yoshitsuya's foreign portraits, executed in his characteristic Utagawa idiom of bold contour and full-bodied color, are among the most striking single sheets of the genre. In parallel with this work he designed actor prints and Tōkaidō-station series; the Minneapolis Institute of Art holds a Tsuchiyama sheet from 1859 and a 1861 vertical ōban portrait of the King of Holland, and the Library of Congress holds an actor sheet depicting Nakamura Shikan and Ichimura Uzaemon in a stage apology that suggests he was already designing yakusha-e in his late teens.