Courtesan of Osaka and Her Attendant, left sheet of a triptych of beauties of the three capitals (Sanpukutsui Osaka hidari)

This Art Institute of Chicago hand-colored woodblock print, classified as a wide [hashira-e](/glossary/hashira-e) in beni-e and dated to around 1745, is the left sheet of a sanpukutsui [triptych](/glossary/triptych) devoted to the courtesans of the three capitals: Kyoto, Osaka, and Edo. The set, organized around the regional specialization that [ukiyo-e](/glossary/ukiyo-e) patrons followed with the avidity of modern sports fans, allowed Ishikawa Toyonobu to stage three discrete beauties whose costumes, hairstyles, and bearing signaled their urban origins. This sheet, the Osaka hidari or left, depicts the Osaka courtesan with her attendant in the wide pillar print format that Toyonobu favored for sanpukutsui display. Beni-e classification identifies the print as hand-colored with safflower-derived pink, supplying the warm hues that contrast with the printed black line. The triptych structure is one of the most enduring contributions Toyonobu made to ukiyo-e narrative: by organizing his beauties into related but separable sheets, he gave collectors a sequential reading experience and gave dealers a marketing structure that would shape the entire subsequent history of Japanese prints. The Art Institute holding of the Osaka sheet is essential to the study of the sanpukutsui form in its mid-Edo phase and to the regional iconography of Toyonobu's bijin.