Braving the Bitter Cold, Our Troops Set Up Camp at Yingkou (Eikô no genkan o okashite wagagun roei haru no zu), Meiji period, dated 1895

This senso-e records the Japanese military encampment at Yingkou in Manchuria, dated 1895, and is the primary version of a composition that circulated in multiple printings during and immediately after the First Sino-Japanese War. The scene emphasizes collective endurance rather than battlefield action: soldiers occupy a winter camp under a cold, diffuse sky, with the frozen coastal terrain of the Liaodong region establishing the geographic and seasonal context. Kiyochika's compositional approach in his encampment subjects typically organizes figures in depth, using diminishing scale and atmospheric haze to suggest the extent of the military presence. The limited, cold palette — greys, muted blues, and desaturated earth tones — contrasts with the warmer flesh and fire tones that punctuate encampment scenes. Published by Matsuki Heikichi, this print was part of the broader visual program Kiyochika produced chronicling the Sino-Japanese conflict.