Comic One Hundred Turns of the Rosary (Dôke hyakumanben), from the series One Hundred Wildnesses by Kyôsai (Kyôsai hyakkyô)

From the "One Hundred Wildnesses by Kyosai" series, this print depicts a comic rosary recitation — the nenbutsu — performed by grotesque or comedic figures as a parody of Buddhist devotional practice. The nenbutsu ("Namu Amida Butsu," the phrase invoking Amida Buddha repeated thousands of times) was central to Pure Land Buddhism and well known across all social classes, making Kyosai's parody immediately legible to his broad audience. The work skewers mechanical religiosity with irreverence that is more affectionate than hostile.